Nicotine exposure is a risk factor in several breathing disorders Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) exist in the ventrolateral medulla, an important site for respiratory control.We examined the effects of nicotinic acetylcholine neurotransmission on central respiratory control by addition of a nAChR agonist or one of various antagonists in
Both Trapa L.and the extinct Hemitrapa Miki are aquatic plants in the family Lythraceae, with abundant fossil records in Eurasia and North America in the Cenozoic.However, documented materials are mainly based on fruit and pollen grains without reliable leaf fossils.Here, we report fossil leaves, fruit, and roots of Trapa and fruit of Hemitrapa fro
Dynamic systems which underlie controlled systems are expected to increase in complexity as robots, devices, and connected networks become more intelligent.While classical stable systems converge to a stable point (a sink), another type of stability is to consider a stable path rather read more than a single point.Such stable paths can be made of s
Introduction: Cricket is the most commonly played game in Pakistan.Among all the sports hand and wrist injuries are higher in cricket players.Little is known about its prevalence.This study was conducted in order to determine the prevalence of hand and wrist injuries in cricketers at Islamia Cricket Academy (ICA) Peshawar.Material & Methods: This c